Programmable photovoltaic submodules for hotspot mitigation

This paper introduces a novel approach to conventional Photovoltaic (PV) modules that involves regulating the internal connections of PV strings (or submodules) using set switches isolate shaded submodules while leaving unshaded unaffected. By extending connection types include parallel or series via an external circuit, along with switches, output voltage and current can be adjusted without requiring additional increase current. A microcontroller is employed control achieve three modes: connection, mixed connection. As result, there no need for buck-boost converter, effects partial shading are minimized, hotspot effect mitigated bypass diodes. Matlab/Simulink model utilized validate proposed configurations, two customized hardware fabricated represent module module. The results obtained from implementation support concept separating in different configurations. feature implemented enhance efficiency modules.